They can be assigned to three groups: macro factors related to the political-economic context, meso factors related to the internal principles of the health system functioning and micro factors related to the functioning of the system in relations with users.Ĭonclusions. The literature recommends many solutions to improve the health systems, including public health, and to strengthen the role of public health. The public health tasks in counteracting epidemics include the development and implementation of preparedness and response plans, pursuit of health equity and fairness and care on the most vulnerable through interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral activities. The literature describes the negative effects of a pandemic better than its positive effects, but there is a trend to explore unexpected positive effects or the balance of losses and gains. Comparing the COVID-19 pandemic to the black swan is incorrect.

The aim is: (1) to polemic with the comparison of the pandemic to the black swan, (2) to list the negative and positive effects of the pandemic mentioned in the literature, (3) to discuss public health attributes related to counteracting epidemics, and (4) to present ways of recovery after pandemic crisis from a public health perspective. The pandemic highlighted public health weakness.

They can be summarized as: the world was not prepared, action was insufficient, public and private institutions failed people to protect their health and everyday life. Assessments of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic so far are negative.

University Dental Centre, Medical University of Warsawĭepartment of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, WarsawĬOVID-19, public health, socioeconomic factors, public policy, health policy Abstract Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw

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